Maria Siragusa:
Conclusion
Based on the various experiments conducted, results concluded that Windex and vinegar both slightly alter the pH of Lake Michigan. Different factors, such as temperature and molarity also alter the pH of the solutions we tested, which also has an effect of Lake Michigan.
Discussion
After conducting a number of experiments, a lot of knowledge about how different solution effect the pH of Lake Michigan has been gained. The goal of this whole process was to gather this information, and determine what the results meant for Lake Michigan. This goal was completed after all of the data concluded from the different information from the various experiments was analyzed. From experiments 1 and 2, it was concluded that adding Windex to alkaline water with a pH of 8 (Lake Michigan's pH), the basisity of the water was increased to a 9. When 2 pH vinegar was added to the alkaline water, its acidity increased, changing the pH to a 7. This was to see that each substance did in fact have an effect on the water. The next experiment that was conducted was to see how various temperatures would effect the pH of the water. This way, it could be more accurately be seen how the actual varieties of temperatures that occur in the Lake Michigan area effect it. The colder temperatures had virtually no effect on the pH of the Windex solution, and vinegar solution. But, as the temperature increased, the pH of each substance became more neutral. With the vinegar solution, at 71.4 degrees, the pH went from a 7, back to an 8. The Windex solution pH went from a 9 to an 8.5. Both of these results meant good things for Lake Michigan. They showed that in the summer when the Lake's water is warmer, any foreign solution that is in it has less of an effect. Overall, it can be concluded that both of these solution do have an effect of Lake Michigan. Though, different factors, such as weather, change how each substance effects the Lake.
Conclusion
Based on the various experiments conducted, results concluded that Windex and vinegar both slightly alter the pH of Lake Michigan. Different factors, such as temperature and molarity also alter the pH of the solutions we tested, which also has an effect of Lake Michigan.
Discussion
After conducting a number of experiments, a lot of knowledge about how different solution effect the pH of Lake Michigan has been gained. The goal of this whole process was to gather this information, and determine what the results meant for Lake Michigan. This goal was completed after all of the data concluded from the different information from the various experiments was analyzed. From experiments 1 and 2, it was concluded that adding Windex to alkaline water with a pH of 8 (Lake Michigan's pH), the basisity of the water was increased to a 9. When 2 pH vinegar was added to the alkaline water, its acidity increased, changing the pH to a 7. This was to see that each substance did in fact have an effect on the water. The next experiment that was conducted was to see how various temperatures would effect the pH of the water. This way, it could be more accurately be seen how the actual varieties of temperatures that occur in the Lake Michigan area effect it. The colder temperatures had virtually no effect on the pH of the Windex solution, and vinegar solution. But, as the temperature increased, the pH of each substance became more neutral. With the vinegar solution, at 71.4 degrees, the pH went from a 7, back to an 8. The Windex solution pH went from a 9 to an 8.5. Both of these results meant good things for Lake Michigan. They showed that in the summer when the Lake's water is warmer, any foreign solution that is in it has less of an effect. Overall, it can be concluded that both of these solution do have an effect of Lake Michigan. Though, different factors, such as weather, change how each substance effects the Lake.
Sarah Johns:
Conclusion
Overall, many conclusions and ideas can be learned as a result of the many experiments that were conducted within this project. Mainly, one can now understand the effects that Windex and vinegar have on Lake Michigan.
Discussion
To begin with, one can conclude the effects that Windex and vinegar have on lake Michigan regarding its pH. When Windex was added to alkaline water, the pH increased to 9, making it slightly more basic that the normal water. On the other hand, the vinegar solution produced a pH of 7, making it slightly more neutral than the original alkaline water. Therefore, one can deduce that the organic substitute for Windex, vinegar, is better for Lake Michigan than Windex would be, if this scenario were to occur. The overall goal of this lab and project was to determine some of the effects, whether positive or negative, that organic and name-brand cleaners would have on Lake Michigan. Throughout all of the research conducted, a surplus of knowledge has been gained in order to better understand Lake Michigan, including its size and surface area. Additionally, by testing the pH of Windex and vinegar at varying temperatures, the conditions of Lake Michigan were more accurately simulated and better, more accurate conclusions were able to be made. For example, when the Windex solution was heated, the pH was lowered, becoming even more neutral. Whereas, when the vinegar solution was heated, the pH increased, becoming more basic. This allows people to understand that in various temperatures, the neutrality and basicity of Lake Michigan will shift, especially depending on the cleaner added (whether it is organic or name-brand). Overall, the multiple experiments done throughout this project helped to successfully determine and observe the various effects of cleaners on Lake Michigan.
Conclusion
Overall, many conclusions and ideas can be learned as a result of the many experiments that were conducted within this project. Mainly, one can now understand the effects that Windex and vinegar have on Lake Michigan.
Discussion
To begin with, one can conclude the effects that Windex and vinegar have on lake Michigan regarding its pH. When Windex was added to alkaline water, the pH increased to 9, making it slightly more basic that the normal water. On the other hand, the vinegar solution produced a pH of 7, making it slightly more neutral than the original alkaline water. Therefore, one can deduce that the organic substitute for Windex, vinegar, is better for Lake Michigan than Windex would be, if this scenario were to occur. The overall goal of this lab and project was to determine some of the effects, whether positive or negative, that organic and name-brand cleaners would have on Lake Michigan. Throughout all of the research conducted, a surplus of knowledge has been gained in order to better understand Lake Michigan, including its size and surface area. Additionally, by testing the pH of Windex and vinegar at varying temperatures, the conditions of Lake Michigan were more accurately simulated and better, more accurate conclusions were able to be made. For example, when the Windex solution was heated, the pH was lowered, becoming even more neutral. Whereas, when the vinegar solution was heated, the pH increased, becoming more basic. This allows people to understand that in various temperatures, the neutrality and basicity of Lake Michigan will shift, especially depending on the cleaner added (whether it is organic or name-brand). Overall, the multiple experiments done throughout this project helped to successfully determine and observe the various effects of cleaners on Lake Michigan.
Written by: Gretchen Koomjohn
Conclusion:
From the completion of various methods, experimental results reveal that Windex increases the basicity of Lake Michigan while vinegar additions increase the acidity of Lake Michigan. Changes in temperatures, corresponding to the Midwest's seasons, alters the pH levels of household cleaners' solutions.
Discussion:
As indicated earlier, the purpose of this project was to determine the consequences, whether positive or negative, of different household cleaning products on Lake Michigan. Thanks to previous research, Lake Michigan's aquatic environment was accurately simulated by experimenting with alkaline water and a dilution ratio of 1 mL of Windex : 40 mL of alkaline water. Although the water's pH level was originally an 8, Windex's pH value of 10 increased the solution's basicity to 9. Even at a low dilution ratio, the presence of ammonia in Windex is strong enough to balance the solution's basicity at a middle point. Despite the assumption that chemical contamination is too insignificant to affect the environment, its pH concentration is high enough to alter the water. On the other hand, some people decide to use vinegar solution as a window cleaning product because its organic label appears better for the environment. When added to alkaline water with the dilution ratio of 15 mL of vinegar : 415 mL of alkaline water, the solution's pH level equalized at 7. Although vinegar's pH value is 2, the solution appeared very similar to the water's condition. This means that vinegar does not cause as large of a pH change in alkaline water as Windex does. Within this situation, at an average temperature of 22.5 degrees C, the distilled/white vinegar is less detrimental to the stability of Lake Michigan. Another necessary component of this experimental process was the changing the temperature of the cleaning product solution. With the Windex, the litmus paper measured a pH value of 9 at 7.2 degrees C, but a value of 8.5 at 99.6 degrees C. As the temperature of the alkaline water increases, the basicity of the Windex solution decreases. This is due to the higher amounts of kinetic energy that the water molecules possess. The water particles easily spread throughout the Windex and absorb energy from the cleaning product. A similar result occurred with the distilled vinegar, but on the opposite end of the spectrum. At 14.2 degrees C, the pH level of the vinegar solution was 7, but at 71.4 degrees C, the acidity changed to an 8. An increased temperature forces the solution to meet equilibrium at a more neutral pH. This means that both manufactured and organic cleaners have reduced damage on Lake Michigan in warmer seasons. Additional methods, such as titration, were used to determine the presence of acetic acid in vinegar. First, the molarity of each trial was calculated before finding the average weight percentage. The average weight percentage of acetic acid was 4.8%; although this is a low amount, it has a large effect on the overall acidity of the vinegar. In general, these methods were very informative as to the effects of different household cleaners in a lake environment. Windex increases the basicity while vinegar increases the water's acidity. Temperature can cause alterations in the pH level of a solution, generally forcing it to a more neutral point. Either way, even the smallest contamination of Lake Michigan's atmosphere can create a domino effect of instability for all organisms.
Conclusion:
From the completion of various methods, experimental results reveal that Windex increases the basicity of Lake Michigan while vinegar additions increase the acidity of Lake Michigan. Changes in temperatures, corresponding to the Midwest's seasons, alters the pH levels of household cleaners' solutions.
Discussion:
As indicated earlier, the purpose of this project was to determine the consequences, whether positive or negative, of different household cleaning products on Lake Michigan. Thanks to previous research, Lake Michigan's aquatic environment was accurately simulated by experimenting with alkaline water and a dilution ratio of 1 mL of Windex : 40 mL of alkaline water. Although the water's pH level was originally an 8, Windex's pH value of 10 increased the solution's basicity to 9. Even at a low dilution ratio, the presence of ammonia in Windex is strong enough to balance the solution's basicity at a middle point. Despite the assumption that chemical contamination is too insignificant to affect the environment, its pH concentration is high enough to alter the water. On the other hand, some people decide to use vinegar solution as a window cleaning product because its organic label appears better for the environment. When added to alkaline water with the dilution ratio of 15 mL of vinegar : 415 mL of alkaline water, the solution's pH level equalized at 7. Although vinegar's pH value is 2, the solution appeared very similar to the water's condition. This means that vinegar does not cause as large of a pH change in alkaline water as Windex does. Within this situation, at an average temperature of 22.5 degrees C, the distilled/white vinegar is less detrimental to the stability of Lake Michigan. Another necessary component of this experimental process was the changing the temperature of the cleaning product solution. With the Windex, the litmus paper measured a pH value of 9 at 7.2 degrees C, but a value of 8.5 at 99.6 degrees C. As the temperature of the alkaline water increases, the basicity of the Windex solution decreases. This is due to the higher amounts of kinetic energy that the water molecules possess. The water particles easily spread throughout the Windex and absorb energy from the cleaning product. A similar result occurred with the distilled vinegar, but on the opposite end of the spectrum. At 14.2 degrees C, the pH level of the vinegar solution was 7, but at 71.4 degrees C, the acidity changed to an 8. An increased temperature forces the solution to meet equilibrium at a more neutral pH. This means that both manufactured and organic cleaners have reduced damage on Lake Michigan in warmer seasons. Additional methods, such as titration, were used to determine the presence of acetic acid in vinegar. First, the molarity of each trial was calculated before finding the average weight percentage. The average weight percentage of acetic acid was 4.8%; although this is a low amount, it has a large effect on the overall acidity of the vinegar. In general, these methods were very informative as to the effects of different household cleaners in a lake environment. Windex increases the basicity while vinegar increases the water's acidity. Temperature can cause alterations in the pH level of a solution, generally forcing it to a more neutral point. Either way, even the smallest contamination of Lake Michigan's atmosphere can create a domino effect of instability for all organisms.